The United States was given about an hour’s warning before Russia began a new airstrike campaign in Syria. From BBC: “Russian defense officials say aircraft carried out about 20 missions targeting Islamic State, but US officials said that so far they did not appear to be targeting IS-held territory.”

+ “When a friend from boot camp sent Lawton an email full of links to videos made by the Islamic State — the execution of James Foley, clips from the day ISIS executed 250 Syrian soldiers in the desert — Lawton looked up ‘how to fight ISIS’ on his lunch break.” From the NYT Mag: Meet the American Vigilantes Who Are Fighting ISIS.